Studying some important CROP characteristics in a population and consideration of the limitations and possibilities, is a general way to determine the suitable genotypes. In this way, a part of population is used as a standard for evaluation of other parts and an optimal level is defined. In order to determine the optimal level in some CROP characteristics and comparison of wheat suitability under dryland conditions, a broad information bank wasdeveloped and studied using results of 6 years cold-drylands yield trials. By using boundary lines, optimal level of CROP characteristics including days to heading, days to physiological maturity, duration of grain filling, plant height and thousand kernel weight were determined, 221.2 days, 259.6 days, 33.8 days, 62.5 centimeter and 28.3 gram, respectively. These data were closely similar to the optimal levels obtained from averaging method. Results showed that recommended cultivars in each location had similar maximum CROP properties balance index (CPBI). Related maximum CPBI in Maragheh, Sanandaj, Zanjan, Ardabil and Uromieh was about 155, 270, 150, 182 and 440, respectively. Comparing with the adaptability of some popular wheat cultivars showed that cv. Sardari is suitable for cold winter and cool spring with spring precipitation, Sabalan is suitable for cold winter and relatively temperate spring with abundant spring precipitation and Azar 2 is suitable for cold fall and mild spring with fall-spring precipitation and low winter precipitation.

This paper tries to both criticize the fundamentals of rationalism BREEDING of Aristotle and give an introduction to the fundamentals of Gnostic BREEDING theory that can revolutionize education. In today world, in the east and the west the attitudes on the Aristotelian rationalism is globally the basis to the education born out of such mentality and ' rationalism' is dominant, while such a viewpoint is claimed to have a radical and grand deficiency and unconsciously leads the world toward a voluptuous materialism. It gives originality to the apparent aspect of education and ignores the spiritual and nurturing aspect of that. Even the theories on theology and religion oriented are wondering on the dominancy of rationalistic attitudes, while the theory on Gnostic BREEDING has no deficiency of this type and is able to fulfill the human demands worldwide, and that it can easily overcome the personal and social crises of today. The fundamentals of the theory on the above are offered here and the relevant practical solutions in the Gnostic BREEDING is also explained.

The adaptive responses of CROP genotypes and patterns of genotype x location (G x L) interaction are important to CROP improvement as they are the basis for selection for specific adaptation and for elucidation of the causes of G x L interaction. Their legitimate assessment, however, requires yield data for the test genotypes for a large number of sites and over multiple years. Such data are seldom available from actual trials but could be provided by a CROP simulation model. The objectives of this study were to assess the adaptive responses of a set of diverse peanut genotypes and to determine the various patterns of G x L interaction between pairs of these genotypes using a modeling approach. Pod yield of 17 peanut lines was simulated for 112 locations covering all peanut production areas in Thailand over three seasons and 30 years with the CROPping System Model (CSM) CROPGRO-Peanut. The data were analyzed for the adaptive response to locations of each peanut genotype with linear regression. Patterns of G x L interaction for the individual pairs of genotypes were determined. The results showed that the test genotypes could be classified into five groups based on mean yield and adaptive response, i.e., average yield with a low (<1.00) regression coefficient (Entries 5, 6, 8), above average yield with an average (=1.00) regression coefficient (Entries 3, 7, 10, 11, 12), above average yield with a high (>1.00) regression coefficient (Entries 13, 15, 17), below average yield with a low regression coefficient (Entry 1), and below average yield with an average regression coefficient (Entries 2, 4, 9, 14, 16). These characteristics are the basis for selection for either broad or specific adaptation. All three patterns of G x L interaction, i.e., no interaction, non-crossover interaction and crossover interaction were also identified. Further analysis of these interaction patterns is recommended to elucidate the CROP characters and environmental factors that are the causes of G x L interaction. The results indicate the potential of using CROP simulation models as a tool to analyze adaptation of CROP genotypes and to determine the pattern of G x L interaction for the individual genotype pairs.

In a field experiment, drought resistance and its relation with some of growth parameters in bread wheat genotypes of differential BREEDING background were investigated. A split plot arrangement of treatments (moisture regimes as main-plots and genotypes as sub-plots) based on complete block design with four replications was employed. Water stress was imposed from late jointing. Significant differences were detected between genotypes for grain yield and HI. Azadi and Qods followed by Roushan showed the highest grain yield and HI under both irrigation regimes, while the lowest ones were observed in landraces. Based on drought resistance indices, Qods, Azadi and Roushan were considered as resistant, and most of landraces as sensitive to water stress. The superiority of yield and HI of improved varieties to landraces was revealed due to statistically comparison of the three bread wheat genotypes with different BREEDING  backgrounds. Water stress reduced leaf area and CROP growth rate. In this respect genotype differences were statistically significant. Significant interaction effects of genotypes and irrigation regimes on leaf area were detected. There were not detected any relationship between this trait and drought resistance. Similar results were observed for CGR.  

CROP Simulation models are used for water management in farms and are widely used for optimization of water use efficiency. AquaCROP model, developed by FAO, is based on yield response to water. Compared to other similar models, AquaCROP requires fewer input parameters. The objective of this study was evaluation of this model for barley under deficit irrigation in Pakdasht region. The experiment was done in 2014-15 growing season and included three irrigation treatments and three sowing dates. The irrigation treatments included full irrigation and two treatments of 80% and 60 percent of full irrigation. Sowing dates included early, normal, and late planting. Comparing the estimated values of AquaCROP model and measured values showed that the model is well capable of simulating the barley biomass production. Average R2, RMSE and MBE for the comparison between measured and estimated values were calculated to be 0.96, 8.4 %, and 2.6 %, respectively.

CROP models are suitable for simulation of CROP yield by different scenarios of deficit irrigation and salinity. In this research, the AquaCROP model was evaluated to simulate the soybean grain yield and biomass under different levels of salinity and deficit irrigation in Gorgan County during 2011 and 2012 growing seasons. The model was calibrated by experimental data of 2011 and validated with data of 2012. The experiment included three irrigation levels of 100%, 75% and 55% water requirement and three salinity levels of 0.7, 5 and 10 dS/m. Statistical indices of the results of validated model including RMSE, E, and d for grain yield were 0.225 ton/ha, 0.88 and 0.97, respectively, and for biomass, they were 0.718 ton/ha, 0.77 and 0.95, respectively. Results showed that grain yield decreased with decrease in the amount of irrigation water and increase in salinity level. Further analysis showed that the sensitivity of AquaCROP model to the canopy decline coefficient (CDC) was more than the other parameters at senescence and maximum canopy cover stages.